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Flavonoids are phytochemical compounds present in many plants, fruits, vegetables, and leaves, with potential applications in medicinal chemistry. Flavonoids possess a number of medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. They also have neuroprotective and cardio-protective effects. These biological activities depend upon the type of flavonoid, its (possible) mode of action, and its bioavailability. These cost-effective medicinal components have significant biological activities, and their effectiveness has been proved for a variety of diseases. The most recent work is focused on their isolation, synthesis of their analogs, and their effects on human health using a variety of techniques and animal models. Thousands of flavonoids have been successfully isolated, and this number increases steadily. We have therefore made an effort to summarize the isolated flavonoids with useful activities in order to gain a better understanding of their effects on human health.

Steviosides, rebaudiosides and their analogues constitute a major class of naturally occurring biologically active diterpene compounds. The wide spectrum of pharmacological activity of this group of compounds has developed an interest among medicinal chemists to synthesize, purify, and analyze more selective and potent isosteviol derivatives. It has potential biological applications and improves the field of medicinal chemistry by designing novel drugs with the ability to cope against resistance developing diseases. The outstanding advancement in the design and synthesis of isosteviol and its derivative has proved its effectiveness and importance in the field of medicinal chemical research. The present review is an effort to integrate recently developed novel drugs syntheses from isosteviol and potentially active pharmacological importance of the isosteviol derivatives covering the recent advances.

Nanotechnology explores a variety of promising approaches in the area of material sciences on a molecular level, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are of leading interest in the present scenario. This review is a comprehensive contribution in the field of green synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of AgNPs using different biological sources. Biosynthesis of AgNPs can be accomplished by physical, chemical, and green synthesis; however, synthesis via biological precursors has shown remarkable outcomes. In available reported data, these entities are used as reducing agents where the synthesized NPs are characterized by ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Modulation of metals to a nanoscale drastically changes their chemical, physical, and optical properties, and is exploited further via antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, and cardioprotective activities. Results showed excellent growth inhibition of the microorganism. Novel outcomes of green synthesis in the field of nanotechnology are appreciable where the synthesis and design of NPs have proven potential outcomes in diverse fields. The study of green synthesis can be extended to conduct the in silco and in vitro research to confirm these findings.

The world today is changing and changing fast. It is the voice of 21st century that in order to achieve the fundamental needs, one must acquire the education. Thus people are now seen getting higher education for improving their future life styles. In this research study the researcher measures the perspective of government school teachers towards higher education, and the major reasons for getting higher education. A quantitative research method was used and survey study was conducted in 6 government schools of Rawalpindi city. The study is highlighting the perceptions of male teachers and female teachers that how male teachers as well as female teachers perceived higher education and their approach toward higher education. This research is significant for Teacher Education planners that how they plan education for teachers, for researchers in the field of social science they know about teacher's perception in this research so, they are able to work on different related aspects. The sample of the study was 100 male and female teachers. The questionnaire was used to collect data. To analyze the data SPSS 20 was used, descriptive statistic (frequency, percentages) were calculated, furthermore in order to compare the results of male and female t-test was used. It was found that majority of teachers are getting higher education for the purpose of gaining promotion in their current post, so that they may acquire as unique identity in the society and play their productive role. Majority of the respondents agreed that they enhance their knowledge for personal development. The results of comparison indicated that there is significance difference between perspectives of male and female teachers. Some of teachers enhance their qualification for better future, enhancing qualification, achievement in education helps to live better life. It was recommended that teachers may be given incentives for enhancing their academic qualifications as well as professional trainings may be given to enhance their professional qualification. The heads of schools must encourage the teachers to get more opportunities of academic and professional qualifications

This study was designed to explore students' attitudes towards cooperative learning. By employing a survey research design gender differences and differences in the attitudes of the students enrolled in morning and evening shifts were also explored. A questionnaire a bout 'Students' Attitudes towards Group Environment (SAGE) having four scales 'quality of product and service', 'peer support', student interdependence' and frustration with group members, was used as an instrument for data collection from a sample of 250 students. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, standard deviation.) and independent sample t-test were used for data analysis. The results of the study revealed that students have positive attitudes towards cooperative learning and there were no significant gender and shift wise differences in their attitudes.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the existing literature on entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) by employing the integrated model of personality traits and the theory of planned behavior (TPB). It further examines the mediating role of TPB’s dimensions between personality traits and EIs of final-year university students in two diverse economies: China and Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a survey method for data collection, administered both in electronic and paper form. The authors use structural equation modeling and the partial least square (PLS) method on a sample of 1,016 students and present PLS path modeling, mediation analysis and multigroup analysis. Findings Results reveal several differences regarding personality traits and TPB on EIs across the two countries. The impact of TPB was positive and significant in both countries; however, TPB demonstrated more explaining power in China’s student sample. Using three personality traits (risk-taking propensity, proactive personality and internal locus of control) as antecedents to TPB, the results reveal a stronger influence of personality traits among Chinese students. The mediation of three dimensions of TPB also revealed differences between country samples. Originality/value This is the first study of its kind to compare and contrast the differences between EIs in terms of personality and the determinants of planned behavior among university students in two diverse economies. The integrated model is original, supports both TPB and personality factors and provides a valuable perspective through its findings on two culturally diverse Asian countries. By applying the model in two different cultures, this study distinguishes the results for the two economies from those conducted in other economies.

The revolutionary technology of CRISPR/Cas systems and their extraordinary potential to address fundamental questions in every field of biological sciences has led to their developers being awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In agriculture, CRISPR/Cas systems have accelerated the development of new crop varieties with improved traits-without the need for transgenes. However, the future of this technology depends on a clear and truly global regulatory framework being developed for these crops. Some CRISPR-edited crops are already on the market, and yet countries and regions are still divided over their legal status. CRISPR editing does not require transgenes, making CRISPR crops more socially acceptable than genetically modified crops, but there is vigorous debate over how to regulate these crops and what precautionary measures are required before they appear on the market. This article reviews intended outcomes and risks arising from the site-directed nuclease CRISPR systems used to improve agricultural crop plant genomes. It examines how various CRISPR system components, and potential concerns associated with CRISPR/Cas, may trigger regulatory oversight of CRISPR-edited crops. The article highlights differences and similarities between GMOs and CRISPR-edited crops, and discusses social and ethical concerns. It outlines the regulatory framework for GMO crops, which many countries also apply to CRISPR-edited crops, and the global regulatory landscape for CRISPR-edited crops. The article concludes with future prospects for CRISPR-edited crops and their products.

The present study is based on the measurement of concentrations of selected trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) and thyroid hormones (TSH and T ) in blood serum of hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients in comparison with healthy donors/controls in order to establish the imbalances of the trace metals in diseased subjects. The serum samples were digested in HNO -HClO mixture and quantification of the metals was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Average levels of Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb and TSH were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the serum of hypothyroid patients compared with other donor categories, while mean concentrations of Mn, Cd and T were significantly elevated in the serum of hyperthyroid patients compared with other donor groups (p < 0.05). The correlation pattern of trace metals in the serum of patient groups revealed significantly different mutual associations compared with the controls. PCA and CA pointed out the interferences of the toxic metals with essential metals in the serum of both patient groups compared with the controls. Most of the metals exhibited noticeable disparities in their concentrations based on gender, food habits and tobacco use for all donor groups. Thus, the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases is significantly affecting the essential trace and toxic metals balance in both patients groups.

Objectives: Cerebral palsy is a major cause of neurodisability in children in Pakistan. The study aims to evaluate the risk factors, types and neuroimaging findings in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: All children diagnosed with cerebral palsy, between 1-16 years presenting to Shifa community health center were enrolled from January 2020 to July 2021. Informed consent was taken from parents. Results: A total of 89 patients were included, 62 (69.7%) male and 27 (30.3%) females. Mean age was 4.4 ± 2.8 years. Majority of babies were born at term 74 (84%) and 15 were preterm (16%). Most of the patients were born in hospital 55 (62%), 13 (14%) were born at home. Mean birth weight was 2.3 ± 0.3. Consanguinity was present in 56 (62.9%). Birth asphyxia 38 (42.7%) was the most common cause of cerebral palsy. Maternal antenatal risk factors identified were anemia 13 (14.6%), PIH (9%) infections (6%) were significant risk factors (<0.05). Neuroimaging was done in 37 (38.7%) of the patients only. Conclusion: Male gender is more affected in our cohort. Maternal anemia, pregnancy induced hypertension and low birth weight are significant modifiable risk factors. Prevention of these can reduce the incidence of cerebral palsy. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.6175 How to cite this:Khan SA, Talat S, Malik MI. Risk factors, types, and neuroimaging findings in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(7):---. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.7.6175 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.